Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami (2004)
A magnitude 9.1 earthquake ruptured the Sunda megathrust off Sumatra's west coast on December 26, 2004, at a shallow depth. The rupture and resulting tsunami killed roughly 230,000 people across 14 countries, one of the deadliest disasters in modern history.
Coastal communities from Indonesia to Somalia were devastated within hours.
It drove a global expansion of tsunami early-warning systems, including the Indian Ocean network Indonesia now operates.
The 2004 event broke the same plate boundary at shallow depth. This week's quake sat 359 kilometers deep, where energy dissipates before reaching cities — the depth gap explains why one killed hundreds of thousands and the other caused no reported damage.
