Peer-reviewed scientific journal
Appears in 2 stories · Last updated Sep 25, 2026
As of September 2026: Venue of publication
Every cell needs cysteine to build proteins, stabilize their three-dimensional structure, and defend against oxidative damage. For decades, biologists assumed cells could only get it by breaking down cystine with one of two enzymes — the disulfide reductase systems — and that at least one was essential for life.
Updated Sep 25
As of September 2026: Publisher of the research
MIT researchers have built working transistors out of living bacteria. The cells are printed onto growth plates in patterns and wired together with chemical signals, forming circuits that add numbers, route signals, and perform logic operations.
Updated Sep 7
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