Tokyo court rules ban on under-18s' election campaigning unconstitutional

Overview

Updated Sep 25

Japan has barred anyone under 18 from handing out flyers, phone-banking, or posting for candidates since 1952. On September 25, 2026, the Tokyo District Court became the first court to rule that blanket ban unconstitutional.

The court kept limits: candidates still can't deploy minors as campaign workers, and the four student plaintiffs got no damages. But with the penalty gone, teens can campaign voluntarily for the first time. The government is expected to appeal, and Japan's Supreme Court has struck down laws only about a dozen times since 1947.

Why it matters

If the ruling sticks, Japanese minors can campaign for candidates for the first time since 1952, without criminal penalties or loss of voting rights.

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Key Indicators

Plaintiffs

Students aged 16-18 when they filed suit in February 2025.

1952

Year the campaign ban took effect

The under-18 prohibition was added to the Public Offices Election Act in 1952, seven decades before this ruling.

1 yr / ¥300K

Penalty for under-18 campaigning

Former maximum penalty: one year's imprisonment plus a ¥300,000 fine and five-year civil rights suspension.

First

Court ruling on the provision

No court had previously ruled on the constitutionality of the ban.

Voices

Curated perspectives — historical figures and your fellow readers.

People Involved

Miho Ibi

Presiding judge, Tokyo District Court

Ruled the under-18 campaign ban unconstitutional

Kano Miyata

Plaintiff and lead representative of the four students

High school student at filing; spoke after the verdict

Organizations Involved

Tokyo District Court

Judicial body

Issued the September 25, 2026 ruling

Civil court that found the under-18 campaign ban and its penalties unconstitutional.

Government of Japan

National government

Defendant; expected to appeal

Defended the 1952-era ban as necessary to protect minors from unjust election campaigns.

LEDGE

Public interest litigation team

Represented the plaintiffs

Japanese public-interest law firm that brought the constitutional challenge on behalf of four students.

Timeline

1952 September 2026

5 events Latest: September 25th, 2026 · 2 months ago

Tap a bar to jump to that date

September 2026
Tokyo court rules campaign ban unconstitutional
Latest Legal

Tokyo District Court finds the prohibition and its penalties unconstitutional; rejects plaintiffs' damages claim but upholds ban on using minors as campaign workers.
September 25th, 2026
February 2025
Four students file suit over campaign ban
Legal

High school students aged 16 to 18 sue the government, claiming the ban violates constitutional freedom of expression.
February 2025
June 2016
Voting age lowered from 20 to 18
Rule Change

Japan cuts the voting age to 18 for the first time since 1945; the under-18 campaign ban stays in force.
June 19th, 2016
April 2013
Japan legalizes internet election campaigning
Rule Change

The Diet lifts a blanket ban on using the internet, including email, blogs, and social media, to campaign.
April 19th, 2013
1952
Diet bans under-18s from election campaigning
Rule Change

The Diet amends the Public Offices Election Act to prohibit anyone under 18 from campaign activities, with criminal penalties.
1952

Scenarios

Appeals court upholds the campaign ban

Likely Resolves by Q2 2028

Discussed by: Government legal strategy; Japanese judicial observers noting the Supreme Court's record

The Justice Ministry or Ministry of Internal Affairs appeals to the Tokyo High Court. Japan's Supreme Court has declared laws unconstitutional only about a dozen times since 1947, mostly in election apportionment cases, so a higher court could uphold the ban and return the law to its prior state. The district ruling is only binding within its jurisdiction, and prosecution for under-18 campaigning could resume.

Unconstitutionality ruling survives appeal

Possible Resolves by Q2 2028

Discussed by: Plaintiffs' legal team (LEDGE) and youth political participation advocates

The government appeals, but the Tokyo High Court and then the Supreme Court confirm the district ruling, permanently striking the penalized prohibition. Minors would then campaign freely within the law's other constraints, while the separate ban on candidates using minors as campaign labor would remain. The precedent could also push a broader review of campaign restrictions.

Diet amends election law to let minors campaign

Possible Resolves by End of 2027

Discussed by: Japanese political parties; recent Diet proposals on youth participation

Rather than rely on the courts, the Diet amends the Public Offices Election Act to permit under-18s to campaign, possibly with limits focused on digital tools or with protections against using minors as campaign labor. Momentum follows the ruling and ongoing debates about youth political participation that began with the 2016 voting-age cut.

Historical Context

2 moments from history that rhyme with this story — and how they unfolded.

June 2016

Japan lowers voting age to 18 (2016)

Japan cut the voting age from 20 to 18, the first change since 1945, letting 18- and 19-year-olds vote in the 2016 House of Councillors election. The amendment to the Public Offices Election Act passed in 2015.

Then

Youth voting became a policy focus, and turnout among newly eligible voters was tracked closely in the 2016 upper-house election.

Now

The change set a precedent that political-participation ages could move, and put the under-18 campaign ban in sharper relief: a 18-year-old could vote, but a younger teenager could not publicly voice support for a candidate.

Why this matters now

The 2016 voting-age cut created the inconsistency today's lawsuit attacks — a teenager old enough to vote and form political views is barred by a separate law from supporting a candidate during a campaign period.

April 2013

Japan legalizes internet election campaigning (2013)

Before April 2013, Japan banned essentially all internet-based election campaigning. Candidates and citizens alike could not use email, blogs, or social media to campaign. The Diet amended the Public Offices Election Act to legalize net campaigning ahead of that July's upper-house election.

Then

Political communication moved online, with parties opening social media accounts and digital operations.

Now

It began a pattern of Japan loosening campaign-speech restrictions channel by channel, with the Diet and courts repeatedly redrawing what counts as protected expression during campaigns.

Why this matters now

Like the 2013 change, today's ruling narrows a blanket speech restriction during campaign periods. Together they show Japan gradually expanding who can speak and how, one channel at a time.