Fiber-optic telecom overbuild (1998-2001)
Companies like Global Crossing and WorldCom raised tens of billions to lay fiber-optic cable for internet traffic. Supply raced past demand. Global Crossing filed for bankruptcy in 2002, and much of the fiber sat unused as 'dark fiber.'
A glut of capacity collapsed prices and wiped out many early investors.
That cheap fiber later powered the broadband internet, but the first wave of backers lost their money.
It shows the risk when capital races ahead of real demand for a new technology's physical backbone.
